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Arsikere, a city nestled in the heart of Karnataka, India, occupies a unique geographic position within the state’s landscape. Located at coordinates 13.3139°N, 76.2369°E, the city sits on the Deccan Plateau, characterized by gently undulating terrain. Its elevation, approximately 880 meters (2,887 feet) above sea level, contributes to a relatively moderate climate, though susceptible to temperature variations. Arsikere is not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though smaller rivers and streams crisscross the surrounding agricultural lands. The region is predominantly rural, transitioning to a more urban character within the city limits, with a population of around 80,000. This urban-rural gradient is crucial for understanding air quality, as agricultural practices – including seasonal crop burning – contribute to particulate matter. Arsikere functions as a significant railway junction, and this transport hub generates localised emissions. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural fields, primarily cultivating rice, sugarcane, and arecanut. The lack of significant natural windbreaks and the plateau’s topography can contribute to the trapping of pollutants, particularly during calmer weather conditions. Industrial activity is limited, but small-scale industries and brick kilns in the periphery contribute to localised pollution hotspots. The city’s position within a rain shadow area can also influence atmospheric conditions.

Arsikere experiences a distinct wet and dry seasonal pattern, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, roughly from November to May, sees consistently poorer air quality. January and February are particularly challenging, with cooler temperatures leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Dust from agricultural activities and construction contributes significantly during this period. The pre-monsoon months of April and May bring increased temperatures and dry winds, exacerbating dust pollution. The arrival of the Southwest Monsoon in June brings a dramatic improvement. Heavy rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also lead to reduced dispersion of pollutants from localised sources. September and October, post-monsoon, see a gradual deterioration as agricultural burning increases following the harvest. This period often experiences stagnant air conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly January-February and April-May. Wearing masks and using air purifiers indoors are recommended. During the monsoon, while air quality is generally better, mould growth can pose a respiratory risk, requiring good ventilation.