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Banagi, nestled in the northern reaches of Karnataka, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the larger landscape of the Western Ghats foothills. Located at approximately 13.61°N, 75.53°E, the town’s elevation, though modest, contributes to localized microclimates. The surrounding terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, typical of the Deccan Plateau’s transition zone. This topography influences air circulation patterns; valleys can trap pollutants, while higher elevations experience greater dispersion. Banagi’s proximity to the Western Ghats introduces a complex interplay of factors. The Ghats act as a barrier, sometimes preventing the influx of cleaner air from the west, while also contributing to orographic rainfall patterns that can cleanse the atmosphere. The town’s urban character is primarily rural, with a gradually developing urban–rural gradient as it connects to larger regional transport routes. Agricultural zones, particularly those cultivating rice and sugarcane, dominate the immediate surroundings, introducing biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and potential particulate matter from agricultural practices. Further afield, industrial belts concentrated around Hubli-Dharwad exert a regional influence, with potential for transboundary pollution transport. The Kali River, though not directly adjacent, flows within a reasonable distance, impacting local humidity and potentially influencing the deposition of airborne pollutants. The overall landscape, a blend of agricultural fields, scattered settlements, and the looming presence of the Western Ghats, shapes Banagi’s unique air quality profile.

Banagi’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s tropical climate and monsoon patterns. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, presents the most challenging conditions. High temperatures and reduced rainfall lead to stagnant air, exacerbating the effects of local emissions. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap pollutants near the ground, intensifying their concentration. Dust from agricultural activities, particularly during harvest, further degrades air quality. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings a welcome respite. Frequent rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, significantly improving air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and the release of mold spores, impacting respiratory health for some. The post-monsoon period (October-November) sees a gradual return to drier conditions, with a slow increase in pollution levels. Fog, frequently occurring during these months, can trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. December and January represent a relatively cleaner period, with cooler temperatures and moderate wind speeds aiding in pollutant dispersion. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution hours. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. Awareness of agricultural burning practices and their potential impact is crucial, particularly during the pre-harvest and post-harvest periods.