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Coondapoor, nestled in the Udupi district of Karnataka, India, occupies a unique geographic position along the Arabian Sea coast. Located at 13.6313°N, 74.6902°E, the city benefits from a relatively low elevation, contributing to a humid, tropical climate. The terrain is characterized by a coastal plain, interspersed with small hills and the network of rivers and backwaters typical of the Malabar Coast. The Swarna River flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially contributing to localized air stagnation. Coondapoor’s urban character is a blend of coastal town and agricultural hinterland. Surrounding the city are coconut plantations, paddy fields, and cashew nut groves, typical of the region’s agricultural economy. While not a major industrial hub, the presence of small-scale industries like cashew processing and brick kilns contribute to particulate matter emissions. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp, with denser settlements concentrated near the coast and more dispersed agricultural land further inland. This proximity to both the sea and agricultural activities, coupled with localized industrial activity, creates a complex interplay of factors influencing air quality. The coastal location means sea breezes can offer some dispersion, but also potential for salt spray and humidity-related pollutant reactions. The relatively flat terrain can also limit natural ventilation, exacerbating pollution episodes.

Coondapoor experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influenced by the Southwest Monsoon. Air quality generally improves during the monsoon months (June-September) as heavy rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, this period can also see increased fungal spores and dampness-related respiratory issues. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return of drier conditions and a corresponding increase in dust and pollutants, particularly from agricultural burning as fields are cleared for the next crop. December to February represents the driest period, often characterized by stagnant air and temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. This is typically when air quality is poorest, with increased levels of particulate matter from construction, vehicle emissions, and local industries. March to May sees rising temperatures and increasing dryness, leading to dust resuspension and potential for localized wildfires, further degrading air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly February to May. Wearing masks and monitoring health are crucial during these periods. The monsoon offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity, but vigilance regarding dampness-related health concerns is still advised.