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Doddanahalli, a small town in Karnataka, India, sits at coordinates 12.3892°N, 76.9672°E, nestled within the southern Deccan Plateau. The terrain is gently undulating, characteristic of the region, with an elevation that contributes to relatively stable atmospheric conditions. The town’s population of approximately 12,243 reflects its primarily rural character, though increasing connectivity to larger urban centres is driving subtle shifts. Doddanahalli is not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though smaller streams and tanks are present, influencing local microclimates. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural land, primarily paddy fields and plantations of coconut, areca nut, and spices. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to seasonal biomass burning, a significant source of particulate matter. The proximity to Mysore, a growing industrial hub, also introduces potential for long-range pollutant transport. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; air quality degrades as one approaches Mysore, and local conditions are heavily influenced by agricultural practices and seasonal weather patterns. The lack of substantial natural barriers to air flow means pollutants can accumulate during periods of low wind speed, impacting the town’s air quality.

Doddanahalli experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly impacting air quality. The pre-monsoon months of March to May are typically the worst for air quality. Rising temperatures create strong convective currents, dispersing pollutants initially, but also fostering stable atmospheric conditions that trap them. Agricultural residue burning to clear fields before the monsoon exacerbates particulate matter levels. The southwest monsoon, arriving in June, offers temporary relief, washing away pollutants with heavy rainfall. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. Post-monsoon (September-November) sees a gradual return of drier conditions and increased agricultural activity, leading to a moderate increase in pollution. The winter months (December-February) are generally the most favourable, with cooler temperatures and increased wind speeds aiding dispersion. However, temperature inversions, common during calm winter nights, can trap pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. Monitoring local weather patterns and agricultural practices is crucial for anticipating pollution spikes.