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Eksambe, nestled in the Belagavi district of Karnataka, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Deccan Plateau. Located at approximately 16.42°N, 74.58°E, the town sits at an elevation of roughly 580 meters (1903 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively moderate climate. The surrounding landscape is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, typical of the plateau region, interspersed with agricultural fields and pockets of dry deciduous forest. Eksambe’s proximity to the Western Ghats, though not immediately adjacent, influences regional weather patterns and can occasionally introduce moisture-laden winds. The town’s urban character is that of a small, developing settlement, primarily reliant on agriculture and small-scale industries. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural land quickly transitioning to residential areas within the town limits. While Eksambe itself lacks major industrial zones, it’s situated within a broader agricultural belt, with surrounding areas cultivating crops like sugarcane, maize, and pulses. This agricultural activity, particularly during harvest seasons, can contribute to localized air pollution through the burning of crop residue. The terrain, with its gentle slopes, can sometimes trap pollutants, especially during periods of low wind speed. The lack of significant water bodies within immediate proximity limits natural air purification processes, making the town’s air quality more susceptible to anthropogenic influences from surrounding areas and regional transport of pollutants.

Eksambe’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon climate of the region. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to increased agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for the monsoon sowing season. The prevailing winds during this period are often light and variable, leading to stagnant air conditions and the accumulation of pollutants. Temperature inversions, common during these months, further exacerbate the problem by trapping pollutants near the ground. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings significant relief as rainfall washes away particulate matter and strong winds disperse pollutants. However, periods of heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and the release of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from vegetation, which can contribute to ozone formation. October and November mark a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and gradually increasing temperatures. December and January are generally cooler months, with occasional fog, which can trap pollutants and reduce visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season (March-May) and periods of fog. Outdoor activities are best planned during the monsoon months (June-September) when air quality is typically at its best. The agricultural practices surrounding Eksambe necessitate careful management to minimize the impact of crop residue burning on local air quality, and promoting alternative agricultural techniques is crucial for long-term air quality improvement.