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Halsūr, nestled in the Tumkur district of Karnataka, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Deccan Plateau. Located at approximately 18.0176° N latitude and 77.0098° E longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly undulating, characteristic of the plateau’s landscape. Its elevation, while modest, contributes to localized microclimates that can influence air circulation patterns. Halsūr sits on the fringes of a gradually transitioning urban-rural gradient, with agricultural lands – primarily cultivating crops like ragi, maize, and groundnut – dominating the surrounding areas. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces potential sources of particulate matter, particularly during harvest seasons when burning of crop residue can occur. The town’s regional position, relatively distant from major industrial hubs like Bengaluru, initially suggests lower industrial pollution. However, increasing regional development and transportation corridors are gradually altering this dynamic. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the area receives water from smaller tributaries and groundwater sources, influencing local humidity and potentially affecting the dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is a mix of dry deciduous forests and open grasslands, which, while providing some natural air filtration, can also contribute to dust emissions, especially during the dry season. The town’s relatively small size (population 11,593) means that localized sources, such as vehicular traffic and residential cooking practices, play a more significant role in its air quality profile than large-scale industrial emissions.

Halsūr’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly impacting its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from October to May, is characterized by lower rainfall and higher temperatures. This period often witnesses a build-up of pollutants due to reduced atmospheric cleansing by rainfall and increased solar radiation, which can exacerbate ozone formation. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months (December-February), trap pollutants near the ground, leading to stagnant air and potentially elevated concentrations. Dust storms, originating from the nearby plains, are also more frequent during this time, contributing to particulate matter pollution. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief through frequent rainfall, effectively washing away pollutants and improving air quality. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased humidity and fog, which can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants. Agricultural practices during the monsoon, including the use of fertilizers and pesticides, can also contribute to localized air quality concerns. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of dust storms or temperature inversions. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the monsoon months, although vigilance regarding potential agricultural emissions is advised. The transition periods between seasons can be particularly variable, with unpredictable shifts in wind patterns and temperature, making air quality assessment challenging.