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Hole Narsipur, nestled in the Mysore district of Karnataka, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the southern Deccan Plateau. Located at approximately 12.7863°N latitude and 76.2433°E longitude, the town sits on the banks of the Kapila River, a tributary of the Kaveri. The surrounding landscape is characterised by gently undulating plains, transitioning into the foothills of the Western Ghats to the west. Elevation is relatively low, averaging around 650-700 meters above sea level, influencing atmospheric circulation patterns. Hole Narsipur’s air quality is intrinsically linked to its agricultural surroundings; the region is a major producer of sugarcane, rice, and other crops, with associated agricultural practices like crop residue burning contributing to particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with the town serving as a market and service centre for surrounding villages. While not a major industrial hub, small-scale industries and brick kilns contribute to localised pollution. The proximity to the Kaveri River offers some natural dispersion, but also creates potential for humidity-related pollutant concentration. The town’s location within a river valley can also exacerbate temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges.

Hole Narsipur experiences a tropical monsoon climate, dictating a distinct wet and dry season cycle that profoundly impacts air quality. The pre-monsoon months of March to May are typically the worst for air quality. Rising temperatures and stagnant air create conditions for dust storms and the burning of agricultural waste after the harvest, leading to increased particulate matter. The southwest monsoon arrives in June, bringing relief through rainfall that washes away pollutants, resulting in cleaner air. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. September and October see a gradual decline in rainfall, but air quality remains relatively good due to continued moisture. The post-monsoon period, November to February, is generally the most pleasant, with cooler temperatures and stable atmospheric conditions. However, this is also when temperature inversions are most frequent, trapping pollutants emitted from local sources. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon season and periods of temperature inversion. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial, as winds from agricultural areas can quickly degrade air quality. Fog, common in winter mornings, can also exacerbate pollution levels.