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Huliyār, nestled in the Hassan district of Karnataka, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Deccan Plateau. Located at approximately 13.58° N latitude and 76.53° E longitude, the town sits at an elevation of roughly 1120 meters (3675 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively cool and pleasant climate compared to lower-lying regions of Karnataka. The surrounding landscape is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, typical of the Western Ghats foothills, with agricultural fields dominating the rural areas. The town’s proximity to the Shimsha River, a tributary of the Cauvery River, provides a vital water source and influences local microclimates. Huliyār’s urban character is that of a small, developing town, primarily reliant on agriculture and a burgeoning service sector. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, it benefits from its location within the broader Hassan-Bengaluru corridor, experiencing some indirect influence from industrial activity in the larger region. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land quickly transitioning to residential and commercial areas within the town limits. This gradient impacts air quality, as agricultural practices (burning of crop residue) and vehicular emissions from increased connectivity contribute to localized pollution. The plateau's topography can also trap pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed, exacerbating air quality challenges. The surrounding landscape, while generally green, is increasingly impacted by quarrying activities, which contribute to dust pollution.

Huliyār’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s tropical climate, exhibiting a clear wet and dry season cycle. The dry season, typically spanning from November to May, often witnesses a gradual decline in air quality. Reduced rainfall and lower humidity contribute to increased dust levels, particularly from construction activities and agricultural practices like post-harvest residue burning. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months (December-February), trap pollutants near the ground, leading to stagnant air and elevated concentrations of particulate matter. March and April often experience peak dust pollution due to increased agricultural activity and rising temperatures. The monsoon season, from June to October, brings significant relief. Frequent rainfall effectively washes away pollutants, and increased wind speeds disperse accumulated contaminants. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased humidity and fog, which can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants in localized areas. During the monsoon, outdoor activities are generally favoured, although periods of heavy rainfall can lead to waterborne illnesses. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of dust storms or temperature inversions. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak pollution periods and wearing masks can mitigate potential health impacts. The transition months (October and November) often see a gradual improvement in air quality as the monsoon recedes and wind patterns shift.