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Hullahalli, nestled in Karnataka, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Mysore district, approximately 12.1000° N latitude and 76.5500° E longitude. The town’s setting is characterized by a gently undulating terrain, typical of the Deccan Plateau, with elevations ranging from 750 to 850 meters above sea level. This plateau landscape influences local air circulation patterns, sometimes leading to stagnant conditions, particularly during periods of low wind speed. Hullahalli is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to the cultivation of rice, sugarcane, and horticultural crops, contributing to potential biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and occasional agricultural burning, especially during harvest seasons. The proximity to Mysore, a larger urban centre approximately 20 kilometers to the north, introduces a gradient of urban influence, with Hullahalli experiencing some spillover of vehicular emissions and industrial activity. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the Kaveri River basin lies within a reasonable distance, impacting regional climate and potentially influencing humidity levels, which can affect particulate matter dispersion. The urban–rural gradient is relatively smooth, with smaller villages and agricultural fields dominating the immediate surroundings, limiting the impact of large-scale industrial zones. The local topography, combined with the surrounding land use, creates a microclimate that can exacerbate or mitigate air pollution depending on prevailing meteorological conditions. The relatively open landscape generally allows for some degree of pollutant dispersal, but localized inversions can trap pollutants near the ground.

Hullahalli’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, is often characterized by higher temperatures and reduced rainfall. This period frequently witnesses a rise in particulate matter concentrations, exacerbated by increased dust from agricultural activities and construction. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants close to the ground, worsening local air quality. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings relief through frequent rainfall, effectively washing away pollutants and significantly improving air quality. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased humidity and fog, which can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants. October and November represent a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and gradually increasing temperatures. This period can see a resurgence of pollutants as the monsoon’s cleansing effect diminishes. During the cooler months (December to February), temperatures are generally moderate, and wind speeds tend to be higher, facilitating pollutant dispersion. However, occasional fog events can still lead to localized air quality degradation. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of stagnant air. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the monsoon and cooler months, although vigilance regarding fog is advised. Agricultural practices and controlled burning should be carefully managed to minimize their impact on air quality throughout the year.