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Jevargi, a small city nestled in the Karnataka state of India (17.0139°N, 76.7732°E), occupies a relatively flat terrain within the Deccan Plateau. Its elevation, approximately 430 meters above sea level, contributes to a moderate climate but also influences air dispersion patterns. The city’s surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by fields of sugarcane, cotton, and pulses – typical crops for this region of Karnataka. This agricultural dominance introduces potential sources of particulate matter from field preparation, harvesting, and biomass burning. Jevargi is not directly adjacent to any major bodies of water, though smaller irrigation canals and tanks are present, impacting local humidity. While not a major industrial hub itself, Jevargi’s proximity to larger industrial areas in nearby districts like Kalaburagi means it can experience transboundary pollution. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp; the city centre is densely populated, while the periphery quickly transitions into agricultural land. This gradient affects air quality as emissions from residential cooking and traffic concentrate in the city core, while agricultural practices impact the surrounding areas. The prevailing winds, influenced by the monsoon systems, play a crucial role in dispersing or trapping pollutants within the city basin.

Jevargi experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern. The post-monsoon period (October-November) often sees a temporary improvement as rainfall washes away accumulated pollutants. However, this is short-lived. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and increased temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly from residential wood and coal burning for heating. This period typically experiences the poorest air quality. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) are characterized by rising temperatures and dry winds, leading to dust storms and increased particulate matter concentrations, exacerbated by agricultural field preparation. The monsoon season (June-September) offers the most significant relief, with heavy rainfall effectively cleansing the air. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the winter and pre-monsoon seasons. Avoiding peak traffic hours and exercising indoors on days with visible haze are recommended. Monitoring local weather reports for wind conditions is also advisable. The months of June through September generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities.