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Koratgi, nestled within Karnataka, India (15.6081°N, 76.6597°E), is a small town characterized by a relatively flat terrain typical of the region’s Deccan Plateau influence. With a population of approximately 29,991, Koratgi’s urban character is distinctly rural-adjacent, exhibiting a strong agricultural presence. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural fields – primarily sugarcane and paddy – interspersed with scrubland vegetation. The town’s elevation is modest, around 650 meters above sea level, which influences local wind patterns and the potential for temperature inversions. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, the proximity to the Tungabhadra River, approximately 50km to the south, contributes to localized humidity. The nearest significant industrial belt is located around Hubli-Dharwad, roughly 80km to the north, meaning long-range transport of pollutants is a potential concern. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; immediately surrounding Koratgi are villages heavily reliant on agriculture. This mix of agricultural practices (including potential for seasonal burning) and the possibility of industrial emissions carried by prevailing winds significantly impacts the local air quality profile. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities also contributes to particulate matter concentrations, particularly during drier periods. The town’s geographical position within a relatively sheltered valley can also exacerbate pollution build-up.

Koratgi experiences a distinct tropical climate, broadly categorized into wet and dry seasons. Air quality generally worsens during the dry season (November to May), peaking in March and April. This is due to reduced rainfall, leading to increased dust resuspension from agricultural lands and unpaved roads. Stagnant air masses and temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground. The post-harvest burning of agricultural residue, particularly sugarcane stalks, further exacerbates particulate matter pollution. The monsoon season (June to October) brings significant relief, with rainfall effectively washing away pollutants and increasing humidity, which suppresses dust. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. November sees a transitional period with moderate pollution levels. For sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – avoiding outdoor activity during the peak dry season months is advisable. During the monsoon, while air is cleaner, the increased humidity can trigger respiratory issues in some individuals. Monitoring local weather patterns and agricultural practices is crucial for understanding pollution fluctuations. Fog, common in cooler months, can also trap pollutants, reducing visibility and worsening air quality.