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Krishnarājpet, nestled in the Mandya district of Karnataka, India, occupies a relatively flat terrain at an elevation of approximately 780 meters above sea level. This location within the southern Deccan Plateau significantly influences its air quality. The city is surrounded by agricultural lands, primarily sugarcane and paddy fields, a characteristic feature of this region. The Kaveri River flows nearby, though not directly through the city, providing a crucial water source but also contributing to localized humidity. Krishnarājpet’s urban character is that of a developing town, experiencing growth linked to agricultural processing and related industries. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, with a gradual urban-rural gradient as one moves away from the town centre. This proximity to extensive agricultural activity introduces potential sources of particulate matter from field burning and fertilizer use. Furthermore, the region’s dependence on biomass for cooking in rural households contributes to indoor and, consequently, outdoor air pollution. The relatively flat topography can also lead to stagnant air conditions, trapping pollutants, particularly during calmer weather periods. The lack of significant natural barriers to wind flow means pollutants can disperse, but also be readily transported from surrounding areas. Understanding this interplay of geography and activity is crucial for addressing air quality concerns.

Krishnarājpet experiences a distinct wet and dry season pattern, heavily influenced by the Indian monsoon. Air quality generally improves during the monsoon months (June-October) as rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, this period can also see increased fungal spores affecting respiratory health. November to February represents the drier season, and typically witnesses a deterioration in air quality. Cooler temperatures during these months can lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. January and February are often the months with the poorest air quality due to stagnant air and increased reliance on burning fuels for warmth. March to May is characterized by rising temperatures and dry winds, exacerbating dust pollution from agricultural activities and unpaved roads. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during these drier months. The pre-monsoon season (April-May) often sees localized dust storms. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial; winds from agricultural areas can bring higher concentrations of pollutants. Overall, the monsoon season offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity, while the dry season demands increased vigilance.