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Mandya, Karnataka, nestled in the southern Indian state, occupies a geographically significant position within the Kaveri River basin. Located approximately 140 kilometers southwest of Bangalore, it sits at an elevation of roughly 135 meters (443 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively flat terrain characteristic of the Deccan Plateau. The city’s defining feature is its proximity to the Kaveri River, which acts as a vital water source and influences local microclimates. Surrounding Mandya is a predominantly agricultural landscape, famed for its sugarcane and mango cultivation – a significant economic driver. This intensive agricultural activity, however, introduces localized sources of air pollution through the burning of crop residue after harvest, a practice common in the region. To the east, the landscape gradually transitions into more undulating terrain, while to the west, it remains largely flat and agrarian. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city acting as a commercial and administrative hub for the surrounding agricultural communities. The prevailing winds, generally southwesterly during the monsoon and northwesterly during the dry season, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants. The relatively low elevation and flat topography can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants, particularly during periods of temperature inversion, especially during the cooler months. The absence of significant natural barriers means pollutants from surrounding agricultural zones and distant industrial areas can readily impact Mandya’s air quality.

Mandya’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its tropical climate and agricultural practices. The monsoon season (June to September) typically brings relief, with frequent rainfall washing away particulate matter and diluting gaseous pollutants. However, the onset of the monsoon can initially be accompanied by increased humidity, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The post-monsoon period (October-November) often sees a concerning rise in air pollution due to the widespread burning of sugarcane stalks after harvest. This practice releases significant quantities of particulate matter and other harmful gases, creating a haze that blankets the region. The dry season (December to May) is characterized by lower rainfall, higher temperatures, and calmer winds. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months (December-January), trap pollutants near the ground, leading to periods of stagnant air and potentially elevated pollution levels. Fog, particularly in December and January, further restricts dispersion. During the hotter months (April-May), while temperatures soar, wind speeds tend to increase, aiding in the dispersal of pollutants, though ozone levels may rise due to photochemical reactions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the post-monsoon and winter months, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution periods and wearing appropriate masks when necessary. Maintaining awareness of local weather patterns and agricultural practices is key to mitigating exposure.