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Māngoli, nestled in the northern reaches of Karnataka, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Belagavi district. Located at approximately 16.65°N, 75.81°E, the town’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating hills and plateaus, typical of the Deccan Plateau’s transition zone. Its elevation, around 580 meters above sea level, contributes to a relatively moderate climate, but also influences local air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – predominantly sugarcane, maize, and pulses – interspersed with pockets of dry deciduous forest. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter pollution, particularly during harvest periods when burning of crop residue is practiced. Māngoli sits on the edge of an urban–rural gradient; Belagavi city, a larger urban center, lies to the east, creating a potential corridor for industrial emissions and vehicular pollution to drift westward. To the south, the landscape transitions into more sparsely populated rural areas. The Krishna River, though not directly adjacent, flows within a reasonable distance, influencing regional weather patterns and potentially impacting the dispersion of pollutants. The town’s relatively small size (population 14,306) means that localized sources, such as brick kilns or small-scale industries, can have a disproportionately large impact on air quality, especially given the limited topographical barriers to pollutant dispersal. The prevailing winds, generally from the southwest during the monsoon and shifting to the northeast during the dry season, play a crucial role in determining the direction of pollutant transport.

Māngoli’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the interplay of monsoon patterns, temperature fluctuations, and agricultural practices. The southwest monsoon (June to September) typically brings relief from accumulated pollutants, as increased rainfall and wind speeds effectively flush out particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. However, periods of heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The transition months of October and November mark a shift towards drier conditions and a gradual increase in pollution levels, often linked to agricultural burning as farmers clear fields for the next planting season. Winter (December to February) generally sees the poorest air quality, characterized by cooler temperatures, frequent fog, and temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to stagnant air and elevated concentrations of particulate matter. The lack of strong winds during this period further exacerbates the problem. Spring (March to May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing pollutants. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during spring and the monsoon season. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and avoiding strenuous activity, particularly during foggy days. Awareness of agricultural burning practices and their potential impact on air quality is crucial for all residents, and supporting sustainable agricultural methods can contribute to improved air quality throughout the year. The dry season, particularly late November through February, warrants heightened vigilance regarding respiratory health.