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Manki, a small town nestled in the Shimoga district of Karnataka, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Deccan Plateau. Located at approximately 14.1789° N latitude and 74.4818° E longitude, its elevation of around 650 meters above sea level contributes to a relatively cool climate compared to lower-lying regions of Karnataka. The surrounding landscape is characterized by rolling hills, dense forests, and agricultural fields, typical of the Western Ghats foothills. Manki’s proximity to the Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary influences its air quality, with potential for biomass burning during agricultural practices and controlled burns within the sanctuary. The town exhibits a clear urban–rural gradient, transitioning from a concentrated settlement to dispersed agricultural activity and forested areas. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the region receives substantial rainfall during the monsoon season, impacting atmospheric moisture and pollutant dispersion. The absence of large-scale industrial zones within Manki itself is a mitigating factor for air pollution; however, the town’s connection to regional transportation networks means it can be affected by transboundary pollution originating from larger industrial belts further afield, particularly those in the broader Karnataka region. The terrain, with its undulating hills, can also create localized areas of stagnant air, especially during periods of low wind speed, potentially trapping pollutants. The surrounding agricultural lands, while providing livelihoods, can also contribute to particulate matter through tilling and harvesting activities.

Manki’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s tropical climate and monsoon patterns. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often witnesses a gradual increase in particulate matter concentrations. This is largely attributable to increased agricultural activity, including land clearing and burning of crop residue, combined with lower rainfall to wash pollutants from the atmosphere. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the issue. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings a significant shift. Heavy rainfall effectively ‘cleanses’ the air, dramatically reducing particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to localized flooding, potentially releasing pollutants from stagnant water sources. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and gradually increasing temperatures. Fog, frequently occurring during these months, can trap pollutants, leading to periods of reduced visibility and elevated air quality concerns. December and January represent the cooler months, with relatively stable air quality, although occasional biomass burning related to winter agricultural practices can still occur. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of fog, limiting outdoor exertion and monitoring for respiratory discomfort. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial.