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Māvalli, a small town in Karnataka, India, rests at coordinates 14.1000°N, 74.4833°E, nestled within the undulating terrain of the Western Ghats foothills. With a population of approximately 17,062, Māvalli’s geography significantly influences its air quality. The town is situated in a predominantly agricultural region, characterized by rice paddies, coconut groves, and spice plantations. This agrarian landscape, while providing a rural buffer, also contributes to seasonal biomass burning, particularly after harvests. The surrounding hills create localized wind patterns and potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants during calmer periods. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, the region benefits from seasonal rainfall and is influenced by the broader coastal climate. Māvalli isn’t a major industrial hub, but regional industrial activity in nearby areas can contribute to long-range transport of pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the town itself is compact, transitioning quickly to agricultural land. This proximity to agricultural practices, combined with the topographical features, creates a unique air quality profile. Dust from unpaved roads and construction activities also adds to particulate matter concentrations, particularly during the drier months. The elevation, though not extreme, plays a role in atmospheric dispersion.

Māvalli experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The southwest monsoon, typically arriving in June and lasting until September, brings significant rainfall, effectively washing away particulate matter and improving air quality. This period generally offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health for sensitive individuals. Post-monsoon, from October to November, sees a gradual increase in pollution as agricultural burning commences to clear fields for the next planting season. This period is often marked by hazy conditions. December to February constitutes the dry season, characterized by stagnant air and temperature inversions, leading to pollutant build-up. Dust from roads and construction becomes a major concern. March to May are the hottest and driest months, exacerbating dust pollution and increasing the risk of wildfires. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during these months. Wind patterns shift seasonally, with stronger winds during the monsoon dispersing pollutants, and calmer conditions during the dry season promoting their accumulation. Fog can also occur during cooler months, trapping pollutants near the ground.