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Mundargi, a town in Karnataka, India, sits at coordinates 15.2070°N, 75.8840°E, within the broader Deccan Plateau region. The terrain is generally flat to gently undulating, characteristic of this part of Karnataka, with an elevation that contributes to relatively stable atmospheric conditions. The town’s population of approximately 24,919 reflects a predominantly rural-urban gradient, with agricultural lands dominating the surrounding landscape. Mundargi is not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though smaller seasonal streams and tanks are present, influencing local humidity. The region’s climate is tropical, experiencing distinct wet and dry seasons. While Mundargi itself isn’t a major industrial hub, its proximity to larger towns and cities with industrial activity, coupled with agricultural practices like crop residue burning, significantly impacts its air quality. Dust from unpaved roads and construction activities also contributes to particulate matter. The surrounding agricultural zones, primarily cultivating sugarcane and pulses, introduce ammonia and other biogenic volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere. The lack of significant wind corridors can exacerbate pollution build-up, particularly during calmer periods. Understanding this geographic context is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Mundargi.

Mundargi’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and prevailing winds. The pre-monsoon months of March to May are typically the worst, with high temperatures and dry conditions leading to increased dust suspension and a higher risk of agricultural fires. Stable atmospheric conditions and temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground. The arrival of the southwest monsoon in June brings temporary relief, as rainfall washes away particulate matter and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, the monsoon can also lead to localised flooding and stagnant water, fostering mold growth and impacting indoor air quality. Post-monsoon, from September to November, sees a gradual return of drier conditions and a resurgence of dust. The winter months, December to February, are generally the most favourable, with cooler temperatures and moderate winds dispersing pollutants. However, fog formation can trap pollutants, especially in the early mornings. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak pollution times are crucial for protecting health.