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Nargund, a town in Karnataka, India, sits at coordinates 15.7200°N, 75.3800°E, nestled within the state’s northern plains. The terrain is generally flat to gently undulating, characteristic of the Deccan Plateau’s eastern fringe. With a population of approximately 36,291, Nargund exhibits a typical small-city urban character, blending residential areas with commercial activity centered around its market and transport links. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, dominated by sugarcane and cotton cultivation, a key economic driver for the region. This agricultural intensity contributes to seasonal biomass burning, a significant localised pollution source. Nargund isn’t directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though smaller streams and tanks are present, influencing local humidity. The town’s position isn’t within a major industrial belt, but regional industrial activity in nearby Hubli-Dharwad does contribute to background pollution levels. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land immediately surrounding the town. This proximity means that meteorological conditions and agricultural practices directly impact Nargund’s air quality. Dust from agricultural activities, combined with vehicle emissions from the town itself, are primary concerns. The relatively low elevation and lack of significant topographical barriers can limit atmospheric dispersion, exacerbating pollution episodes.

Nargund experiences a distinct tropical climate, broadly categorised into wet and dry seasons. Air quality generally worsens during the dry season (October to May), peaking in March and April. This is due to increased dust from agricultural fields preparing for harvest, lower rainfall leading to reduced atmospheric cleansing, and temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground. The post-harvest burning of sugarcane residue is a major contributor during these months. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity. The wet season (June to September), coinciding with the southwest monsoon, brings significant relief. Heavy rainfall effectively washes away pollutants, resulting in substantially improved air quality. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, potentially triggering respiratory issues. November and December offer a transitional period with moderate air quality. Fog can occasionally form during cooler mornings, temporarily trapping pollutants. Throughout the year, wind patterns play a crucial role; winds from the west during the monsoon bring cleaner air, while stagnant conditions during the dry season exacerbate pollution. Monitoring local weather forecasts is vital for planning outdoor activities and protecting health.