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Puttūr, nestled in the Coorg district of Karnataka, India, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 12.76°N latitude and 75.18°E longitude. The city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, typical of the Western Ghats’ foothills, with an elevation averaging around 850 meters above sea level. This elevation contributes to a cooler climate compared to lower-lying regions of Karnataka. Puttūr sits on the edge of a transitional zone, where the dense evergreen forests of the Western Ghats gradually give way to agricultural landscapes dominated by coffee plantations, cardamom estates, and paddy fields. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, with a gradual urban–rural gradient extending outwards from the city center. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the area benefits from numerous streams and smaller water bodies fed by the Ghats, influencing local humidity and microclimates. The city’s location within a relatively isolated region, coupled with its hilly topography, can sometimes trap pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed. Industrially, Puttūr is not a major hub, but smaller-scale processing units related to agriculture (coffee curing, spice processing) and a few light manufacturing facilities exist, contributing localized emissions. The prevailing winds generally flow from the west, carrying moisture and influencing air quality patterns, while the surrounding agricultural practices, including fertilizer use and occasional burning of crop residue, can also impact local air composition. The city’s compact urban form, with a mix of residential and commercial areas, further shapes the distribution of pollutants.

Puttūr’s tropical climate exhibits a distinct wet and dry season, significantly influencing its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter. This is partly attributable to lower rainfall, which reduces the natural cleansing effect of precipitation, and reduced humidity, which allows dust and other particles to remain suspended in the air for longer periods. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of this season, can trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating the issue. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can still occur during this period, releasing smoke and contributing to localized pollution spikes. The monsoon season, from June to October, brings relief with frequent rainfall and increased wind speeds, effectively flushing out pollutants and improving air quality. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased soil erosion and dust generation during intense storms. Fog, particularly prevalent during the transition months (October-November and March-April), can reduce visibility and trap pollutants, creating stagnant air conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of low wind and fog. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the monsoon months, although caution should be taken during heavy rainfall events. The post-monsoon transition period can be unpredictable, with periods of clear skies interspersed with foggy days, requiring vigilance regarding air quality.