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Rāmdurg, nestled in the northern reaches of Karnataka, India, occupies a unique geographic position within the Deccan Plateau. Located at coordinates 15.9500°N, 75.3000°E, the town sits amidst undulating terrain, characteristic of this region. The landscape is primarily agricultural, dominated by fields of sugarcane, cotton, and pulses, reflecting the area’s reliance on farming. Rāmdurg’s elevation, approximately 640 meters above sea level, contributes to relatively moderate temperatures, though diurnal variations can be significant. The nearest major river, the Ghataprabha, flows some distance away, influencing local humidity but not directly impacting the town’s immediate microclimate. Rāmdurg isn’t situated near any major industrial belts, which is a positive factor for baseline air quality, but the increasing use of agricultural machinery and localised brick kilns contribute to particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Rāmdurg serves as a market town for surrounding villages, leading to increased vehicular traffic during peak hours. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities is a persistent feature, particularly during the drier months. The surrounding hills offer some natural ventilation, but localized topography can trap pollutants during calm conditions. This combination of factors shapes Rāmdurg’s specific air quality challenges.

Rāmdurg experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The southwest monsoon, typically arriving in June and lasting until September, brings significant rainfall, effectively washing away particulate matter and improving air quality. This is generally the period with the cleanest air, favouring outdoor activities. However, increased humidity can also promote mold growth, impacting respiratory health for sensitive individuals. October and November see a gradual decline in air quality as the monsoon retreats and agricultural burning increases, preparing fields for the Rabi season. This period often experiences stagnant air and temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. December to February are the driest months, with consistently poorer air quality due to dust from agricultural lands and increased use of diesel generators. March to May witness rising temperatures and strong winds, which can temporarily disperse pollutants, but also exacerbate dust storms. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during the post-monsoon and winter months. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding peak traffic hours are crucial for mitigating health risks.