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Rānībennur, nestled in the Haveri district of Karnataka, India, occupies a relatively flat terrain at an elevation of approximately 640 meters above sea level. This positioning within the Deccan Plateau influences its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The city is surrounded by agricultural lands, primarily cultivating cotton, maize, and pulses, a characteristic landscape of the region. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the Tungabhadra River flows within a reasonable distance, impacting local humidity and microclimates. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Rānībennur serves as a market town for surrounding villages, leading to increased vehicular traffic and localised dust generation. The region experiences a distinct dry season, exacerbating particulate matter suspension. Industrial activity is limited within the city itself, but the broader Haveri district has pockets of small-scale industries, potentially contributing to regional background pollution. The prevailing winds, generally from the southwest during the monsoon and northeast during the winter, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants. The city’s location, away from major metropolitan areas, initially suggests lower baseline pollution, but agricultural practices and localised transport contribute to specific challenges. Understanding these geographical factors is vital for effective air quality management in Rānībennur.

Rānībennur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon period, from October to February, often sees the poorest air quality. Cooler temperatures and stagnant air, coupled with increased use of biomass for heating and cooking, lead to higher concentrations of particulate matter. Temperature inversions are common during these months, trapping pollutants near the ground. March to May brings the dry season, characterised by strong winds that can initially disperse pollutants, but also contribute to dust storms, elevating PM10 levels. This is a period to exercise caution, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. The southwest monsoon, arriving in June and lasting until September, generally improves air quality through rainfall, which washes away pollutants. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. November and December are typically the most challenging months for sensitive individuals. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak pollution periods, and utilising N95 masks when unavoidable, is recommended. Children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions should be particularly vigilant. Monitoring local weather patterns and air quality reports is crucial for informed decision-making.