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Sarjāpur, a rapidly urbanising town in Karnataka, India, sits at coordinates 12.8600°N, 77.7860°E, with a population of approximately 11,378. Geographically, it’s positioned on the Deccan Plateau, characterised by gently undulating terrain. The elevation is modest, around 920 meters above sea level, influencing temperature variations but not creating significant orographic lift to disperse pollutants. Sarjāpur is not directly adjacent to a major body of water, though smaller lakes and tanks dot the surrounding landscape, providing limited evaporative cooling. Its location within the Bengaluru Metropolitan Region is crucial; it’s experiencing substantial growth as a satellite town, fuelled by IT and manufacturing expansion. This proximity to Bengaluru’s industrial belts – particularly those focused on electronics and automotive manufacturing – contributes significantly to regional air pollution. Surrounding Sarjāpur are agricultural zones, primarily cultivating rice and ragi, with associated seasonal biomass burning. The urban-rural gradient is steepening, with rapid conversion of agricultural land to residential and commercial developments. Dust from construction, vehicle emissions from increased traffic, and the influx of industries are all compounding factors impacting local air quality. The relatively flat terrain and infrequent strong winds hinder natural pollutant dispersion, creating localised pockets of poor air quality.

Sarjāpur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern, largely dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The pre-monsoon months of March to May are typically the worst, with high temperatures and stagnant air leading to the accumulation of dust and pollutants from construction and vehicle emissions. Temperature inversions are common during this period, trapping pollutants near the ground. The arrival of the Southwest Monsoon in June brings a temporary respite, as rainfall washes away particulate matter and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also exacerbate ozone formation. Post-monsoon, from October to November, sees a resurgence of pollution as agricultural burning increases following the harvest, and cooler temperatures contribute to temperature inversions. December to February are generally the most favourable months, with cooler temperatures, moderate winds, and less agricultural activity. However, fog can form during these months, trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. Monitoring local conditions and using appropriate respiratory protection is advised when pollution levels are elevated.