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Saunshi, a small town in Karnataka, India (15.2167°N, 75.3000°E), is situated within the undulating terrain of the Western Ghats foothills. Its elevation, though not dramatically high, contributes to localized weather patterns influencing air dispersion. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by rice paddies, coconut groves, and areca nut plantations, typical of the coastal Karnataka region. This agricultural intensity introduces potential sources of particulate matter from biomass burning during land preparation and post-harvest activities, as well as ammonia emissions from fertilizer use. Saunshi’s proximity to the Arabian Sea, approximately 30-40km distant, introduces a moderating influence on temperature but also the possibility of salt spray contributing to aerosol formation. The town isn’t directly within a major industrial belt, but regional industrial activity in nearby hubs like Hubli-Dharwad can contribute to long-range transport of pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; Saunshi itself is relatively low-density, but surrounding villages exhibit varying degrees of development. This gradient impacts local wind patterns and pollutant concentrations, with potential for stagnation in sheltered areas. The terrain channels winds, creating localized hotspots for pollutant accumulation, particularly during calmer periods. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Saunshi.

Saunshi’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon conditions. The southwest monsoon, typically arriving in June and lasting until September, generally brings improved air quality due to rainfall scavenging pollutants and suppressing dust. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, impacting respiratory health. October to November sees a transition period with declining rainfall and increasing agricultural activity – post-harvest burning of crop residue becomes a significant source of particulate matter, often leading to a temporary deterioration in air quality. The winter months (December to February) are characterized by cooler temperatures and calmer winds, creating conditions for temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. This is often the period of poorest air quality. March to May brings rising temperatures and drier conditions, exacerbating dust resuspension and increasing the risk of wildfires, further degrading air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the post-monsoon and winter months. Monitoring wind direction during agricultural burning is vital. Avoiding peak hours near roadways is also advisable. The monsoon months generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity.