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Tikota, a small town in Karnataka, India, rests at coordinates 16.7600°N, 75.6200°E, nestled within the broader Deccan Plateau. The terrain surrounding Tikota is characterised by gently undulating plains, typical of this region, transitioning into the foothills of the Western Ghats further west. With a population of approximately 11,284, Tikota exhibits a strong rural character, though its proximity to larger urban centres like Hubballi-Dharwad (roughly 80km distant) is increasing its urban influence. The town isn’t directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though smaller streams and tributaries of the Tungabhadra River are present in the surrounding landscape. Agricultural activity dominates the regional economy, with fields of sugarcane, cotton, and jowar prevalent. This agricultural land use contributes to seasonal biomass burning, a significant localised source of particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; Tikota itself remains largely unindustrialised, but the increasing transport of agricultural produce and people to and from larger towns introduces vehicular emissions. The relatively flat topography and infrequent strong winds can lead to localised pollutant build-up, particularly during calmer weather conditions. The elevation is moderate, around 650m, influencing temperature variations and atmospheric stability.

Tikota experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. Air quality generally worsens during the dry season (October to May), peaking in March and April. This is due to increased dust from agricultural activities, road dust resuspension, and a lack of rainfall to cleanse the atmosphere. Temperature inversions, common during cooler mornings in the dry season, trap pollutants near ground level. The monsoon season (June to September) brings significant relief, with heavy rainfall effectively washing away particulate matter and reducing dust levels. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. October sees a transitional period with moderate pollution levels. November and December experience relatively cleaner air, though biomass burning from post-harvest activities can cause temporary spikes. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during the peak dry season months. During the monsoon, while particulate matter is lower, mould growth and dampness can exacerbate respiratory issues. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding strenuous activity on dry, windy days is advisable.