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Tīrthahalli, nestled in the Shivamogga district of Karnataka, India, occupies a unique geographic position within the Western Ghats. Situated at coordinates 13.6884°N, 75.2455°E, the town’s terrain is characterised by rolling hills and lush vegetation, typical of the Malnad region. The Tunga River flows nearby, significantly influencing the local climate and providing a vital water source. With an elevation of approximately 580 meters (1,903 feet), Tīrthahalli benefits from relatively cooler temperatures compared to the surrounding plains. The surrounding landscape is dominated by dense forests, coffee plantations, and areca nut groves, forming a predominantly agricultural economy. While not a major industrial hub, the region supports small-scale agricultural processing and related industries. The urban-rural gradient is quite pronounced; Tīrthahalli itself is a relatively small town, quickly transitioning into rural agricultural landscapes. This proximity to extensive vegetation generally contributes to better air quality than larger, industrialised cities, but seasonal agricultural practices, such as post-harvest burning, can introduce localised pollution spikes. The town’s location within a valley can also contribute to the trapping of pollutants during periods of atmospheric stability, impacting air circulation and potentially exacerbating air quality issues.

Tīrthahalli experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influenced by the Southwest Monsoon. Air quality is generally at its best during the monsoon months (June-September) as heavy rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter and suppresses dust. However, increased humidity can foster mould growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. The post-monsoon period (October-November) sees a gradual improvement in air quality, with cooler temperatures and moderate rainfall. The dry season (December-May) presents the most challenging period for air quality. January and February are typically the clearest months, but as temperatures rise in March and April, agricultural burning of crop residue becomes prevalent, leading to localised spikes in particulate matter. May, being the hottest month, often experiences stagnant air and increased dust levels. During these drier months, sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity, particularly during peak heat hours. Wind patterns, generally flowing from the west during the monsoon and becoming more variable during the dry season, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in larger cities, can occur during calm, clear nights, trapping pollutants near the ground.