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Tirumakūdal Narsipur, nestled in the Mysore district of Karnataka, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Cauvery River basin. Located at approximately 12.2121°N latitude and 76.9018°E longitude, the town sits at an elevation of around 680 meters above sea level, contributing to a moderate climate. The surrounding landscape is characterised by gently undulating plains, transitioning into the foothills of the Western Ghats to the west. The Cauvery River itself is a dominant feature, influencing local humidity and providing irrigation for the predominantly agricultural land use. This agricultural focus, primarily sugarcane and rice cultivation, is a key determinant of local air quality. While not a major industrial hub, the presence of small-scale agricultural processing units and brick kilns contributes to particulate matter emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the town centre is densely populated, while the periphery quickly gives way to farmland. This proximity to agricultural activities, coupled with seasonal burning of crop residue, significantly impacts air quality. The terrain, while not mountainous, can create localised pockets where pollutants accumulate, particularly during calm weather conditions. The town’s location within a river valley also influences wind patterns and pollutant dispersion.

Tirumakūdal Narsipur experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. Air quality generally worsens during the dry season (November to May), peaking in March and April. This is due to reduced rainfall, increased dust from agricultural activities, and a higher frequency of stagnant air masses. Temperature inversions, common during cooler mornings in these months, trap pollutants near the ground. The southwest monsoon (June to October) brings significant relief, washing away pollutants and improving air quality. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a temporary resurgence of pollutants as dust settles and agricultural burning increases. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the peak dry season months. During the monsoon, while air is cleaner, the increased humidity can exacerbate respiratory issues. Fog, common in the cooler months, can also trap pollutants. Avoiding peak hours near agricultural areas during burning season is advisable. Monitoring local conditions and adjusting activity levels accordingly is crucial for maintaining respiratory health throughout the year.