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Turbihāl, a small town in Karnataka, India, rests at coordinates 15.7614°N, 76.5964°E, within the broader landscape of the Western Ghats foothills. The terrain is gently undulating, characteristic of the transition zone between the coastal plains and the higher elevations. With a population of approximately 13,034, Turbihāl exhibits a distinctly rural character, though its proximity to larger urban centres like Hubballi-Dharwad (roughly 80km distant) is increasing its exposure to regional development pressures. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural land, primarily paddy fields and plantations of coconut and arecanut. The Malaprabha River flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially contributing to localised temperature inversions. While not directly within a major industrial belt, the increasing industrial activity in the surrounding districts contributes to background pollution levels. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; air quality deteriorates noticeably as one approaches the town centre due to localised traffic and biomass burning. The town’s elevation, around 650m, affects atmospheric dispersion, limiting pollutant washout during certain weather conditions. This geographical setting creates a unique microclimate influencing air quality patterns, making it vulnerable to both regional and local pollution sources.

Turbihāl experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influenced by the Southwest Monsoon. Air quality generally improves dramatically during the monsoon months (June-September) as rainfall effectively scrubs the atmosphere of particulate matter. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. The post-monsoon period (October-November) sees a gradual deterioration in air quality as agricultural residue burning increases following the harvest. This is a particularly sensitive time for those with pre-existing respiratory conditions. The dry season (December-May) presents the most challenging air quality conditions. Lower wind speeds and temperature inversions trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbated by dust from unpaved roads and increased biomass burning for cooking and heating. February to April are typically the worst months. During these months, sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with asthma – should limit outdoor activity. The hot, dry winds can also carry pollutants from distant sources. Cooler temperatures in December and January offer a brief respite, but air stagnation remains a concern. Consistent monitoring and public health advisories are crucial during the dry season.