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Assamannur, nestled within the verdant landscape of Kerala, India, occupies a unique geographic position at coordinates 10.1129°N, 76.5517°E. This municipality, home to approximately 19,311 residents, is situated in the foothills of the Western Ghats, a region renowned for its biodiversity and complex terrain. The surrounding landscape is characterised by rolling hills, lush paddy fields, and dense coconut groves, typical of Kerala’s coastal plains. Assamannur’s elevation, while not extreme, contributes to localised weather patterns and influences air dispersion. The city benefits from relatively close proximity to the Arabian Sea, approximately 30-40km distant, which moderates temperatures but also introduces moisture-laden air. While not a major industrial hub itself, Assamannur lies within a region experiencing increasing industrial activity in nearby towns like Alappuzha and Kollam. Agricultural practices, particularly rice cultivation, are prevalent, contributing to seasonal biomass burning. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with a clear transition from denser settlements within Assamannur to more dispersed agricultural land and forested areas. This gradient impacts air quality, as pollutants from rural activities can be transported into the urban centre, and vice versa. The terrain’s complexity can trap pollutants during periods of calm weather, exacerbating localised air quality issues.

Assamannur experiences a tropical climate, dictating a distinct wet and dry season that profoundly impacts air quality. The southwest monsoon, typically arriving in June and lasting until September, brings heavy rainfall which effectively washes particulate matter from the atmosphere, resulting in generally improved air quality during these months. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. October to February constitutes the drier season, marked by lower rainfall and cooler temperatures. This period often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced atmospheric mixing and increased use of biomass for cooking and heating. January and February are often associated with increased dust levels due to agricultural activities. March to May is the hottest and driest period, with stagnant air and potential for temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground. This is typically the worst period for air quality. Fog, common during the cooler months, can exacerbate particulate matter concentrations. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly March-May. Monitoring local weather forecasts and avoiding strenuous exercise on poor air quality days is crucial for maintaining health.