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Chengannūr, nestled in the Alappuzha district of Kerala, India, occupies a low-lying coastal plain, geographically positioned at 9.3157°N latitude and 76.6151°E longitude. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Kerala backwaters, with an elevation barely above sea level. This proximity to the Arabian Sea significantly influences the local climate, creating high humidity and moderate temperatures year-round. Chengannūr is interwoven with a network of canals and waterways, integral to the region’s transport and agriculture. Surrounding the urban core are lush paddy fields and coconut groves, typical of Kerala’s agricultural landscape. While not a major industrial hub itself, Chengannūr benefits from, and is potentially impacted by, industrial activity in nearby Kollam and Alappuzha. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from densely populated areas to agricultural land and backwater ecosystems. This geographical setting, while beautiful, presents unique air quality challenges. The flat terrain can trap pollutants, and sea breezes, while moderating temperatures, can also carry pollutants inland, particularly from coastal industrial sources. The dense vegetation offers some natural filtration, but its capacity is limited by the scale of potential emissions. The backwaters, while vital, can also contribute to localised humidity-related pollutant behaviour.

Chengannūr experiences a tropical climate, broadly divided into wet and dry seasons rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality generally improves during the Southwest Monsoon (June-September) as heavy rainfall effectively washes particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. October-November sees a transition period with calmer winds and potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly from localised vehicle emissions and biomass burning in surrounding agricultural areas. The dry season (December-February) typically presents the poorest air quality. Lower rainfall and stagnant air allow pollutants to accumulate. January and February are often the least favourable months for outdoor activity, especially for those with respiratory conditions. March-May brings rising temperatures and pre-monsoon showers, offering intermittent relief, but also increasing the risk of dust and pollen. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular illnesses – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season and monitor their health closely. Avoiding peak traffic hours and utilising masks when necessary are recommended preventative measures. The monsoon, while bringing cleaner air, also increases the risk of waterborne diseases, requiring a holistic approach to health protection.