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Chittarikal, nestled in the southern Indian state of Kerala, occupies a geographically significant position within the Western Ghats foothills. Located at approximately 12.3234° N latitude and 75.3583° E longitude, the town’s elevation, though modest, contributes to localized microclimates. The surrounding landscape is dominated by lush tropical forests and interspersed with small-scale agricultural plots, primarily cultivating spices, rubber, and coconut. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces potential sources of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which can react with other pollutants to form secondary aerosols. Chittarikal’s location near the Arabian Sea (approximately 30km) influences humidity levels and coastal breezes, which can both disperse and concentrate pollutants depending on prevailing wind patterns. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Chittarikal itself is a small town, transitioning quickly to rural agricultural land and dense forest. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, its regional connectivity via road networks means it can be affected by transboundary pollution from larger urban centers further north. The terrain, characterized by gentle slopes and valleys, can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed. The town’s relatively small size and limited industrial activity mean that local emissions from vehicles and small businesses are the primary contributors to air quality concerns, though agricultural burning during certain times of the year can exacerbate the situation. The overall climate is tropical, with high humidity and consistent temperatures, impacting pollutant dispersion.

Chittarikal’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Kerala’s monsoon climate. The southwest monsoon, typically spanning June to September, brings abundant rainfall and strong winds, generally leading to improved air quality as pollutants are washed out and dispersed. This period is generally favorable for outdoor activities, although heavy rainfall can occasionally reduce visibility. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) often sees a build-up of pollutants due to stagnant air and rising temperatures. This period is characterized by increased dust from construction activities and agricultural practices, alongside emissions from vehicles. Temperature inversions, common during these months, can trap pollutants near the ground, leading to localized air quality degradation. The northeast monsoon (October-November) brings lighter rainfall and less consistent winds compared to the southwest monsoon, resulting in a moderate air quality profile. During the dry season (December-February), reduced rainfall and calmer winds can lead to a slight increase in pollutant concentrations, particularly particulate matter. Fog, which occasionally forms during the cooler months, can also trap pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon season and periods of fog. Agricultural burning, often practiced after the harvest season, can significantly impact air quality during the transition months. Maintaining awareness of local weather conditions and minimizing exposure during periods of stagnant air are crucial for protecting respiratory health.