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Kānhangād, nestled in the Kasaragod district of Kerala, India, occupies a unique geographic position. Situated at coordinates 12.3167°N, 75.0667°E, the city benefits from proximity to the Arabian Sea, lying approximately 6-8 kilometers inland. The terrain is largely flat, characteristic of the coastal plains of Kerala, with a gentle slope rising towards the Western Ghats further east. This relatively low elevation contributes to potential temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Kānhangād’s urban character is a blend of commercial activity centered around the town itself, and surrounding rural areas dominated by agriculture – primarily coconut plantations, paddy fields, and areca nut cultivation. The nearby Bekal Fort, a significant historical landmark, draws tourism, adding to localised vehicular emissions. While not a major industrial hub, smaller-scale brick kilns and local industries contribute to particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with air quality generally deteriorating closer to the town centre due to increased traffic and concentrated human activity. The coastal breezes offer some dispersion, but during calmer periods, pollutants can accumulate, particularly in the valleys and lower-lying areas. Understanding this interplay of coastal influence, agricultural practices, and localised industry is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Kānhangād.

Kānhangād experiences a tropical climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons heavily influencing air quality. The southwest monsoon, typically arriving in June and lasting until September, brings heavy rainfall which effectively washes away particulate matter, resulting in generally cleaner air during these months. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. October to February constitutes the drier season, marked by calmer winds and increased temperature inversions, leading to pollutant build-up, especially in the mornings. This period often sees a rise in dust and smoke from agricultural burning. March to May is the hottest and driest period, exacerbating air pollution due to increased evaporation and potential for wildfires. The heat also promotes the formation of ground-level ozone. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during these hotter, drier months. Fog, common during the transition periods, can trap pollutants, further reducing visibility and air quality. November and December often present the most challenging conditions. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak traffic hours are advisable throughout the year, but particularly during the dry season.