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Kizhariyūr, nestled in the Kannur district of Kerala, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Malabar region. Located at approximately 11.48°N, 75.68°E, the city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, typical of Kerala’s Western Ghats foothills. The elevation, though modest, contributes to localized microclimates and influences air circulation patterns. Kizhariyūr benefits from proximity to the Arabian Sea, approximately 20 kilometers to the west, which moderates temperatures and introduces maritime influences on air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of lush tropical forests, interspersed with small-scale agricultural plots primarily cultivating spices, coconut, and areca nut. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter, particularly during harvest periods. The urban–rural gradient around Kizhariyūr is gradual; the city itself is relatively small, transitioning seamlessly into the surrounding agricultural and forested areas. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Kizhariyūr, however, larger industrial zones are present in nearby Kannur city, and their emissions can occasionally be transported by prevailing winds. The region's humid subtropical climate, with high rainfall and consistent temperatures, generally aids in pollutant dispersion, but stagnant air conditions during certain periods can exacerbate localized air quality issues. The topography, with its hills and valleys, can trap pollutants, creating areas of higher concentration, especially during periods of reduced wind speed. The dense vegetation, however, also acts as a natural filter, absorbing some pollutants.

Kizhariyūr’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Kerala’s monsoon climate. The southwest monsoon, typically spanning June to September, brings abundant rainfall, significantly cleansing the atmosphere and generally resulting in the best air quality throughout the year. The heavy downpours effectively wash away particulate matter and reduce the concentration of gaseous pollutants. Conversely, the pre-monsoon period (March-May) often witnesses a noticeable decline in air quality. Rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of intense heat. This stagnation can trap pollutants released from agricultural activities, such as burning of crop residue (though regulated, it can still occur), and contribute to a build-up of particulate matter. The northeast monsoon (October-November), while less intense than the southwest monsoon, still provides some relief, but can be accompanied by periods of dense fog, which can trap pollutants near ground level. Winter months (December-February) are generally mild, with relatively low humidity, but can experience occasional temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air, preventing pollutants from dispersing vertically. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon months and be mindful of potential fog events. Outdoor activities are generally best enjoyed during the monsoon season, when air quality is typically at its most favourable. Agricultural workers should be particularly vigilant about exposure to dust and smoke during harvest periods, utilizing appropriate protective measures.