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Kodungallūr, nestled in the Thrissur district of Kerala, India, occupies a unique geographic position at 10.2338°N, 76.1946°E. The city’s terrain is largely flat, typical of the coastal plains of Kerala, with an elevation barely above sea level, making it particularly vulnerable to humidity and stagnant air. It’s strategically located at the mouth of the Periyar River, a major waterway that historically facilitated trade and continues to influence the local ecosystem. The Arabian Sea lies immediately to the west, providing a moderating influence on temperatures but also contributing to salt spray and potential for maritime-influenced air masses. Surrounding Kodungallūr is a dense network of coconut plantations, paddy fields, and increasingly, small-scale industrial units. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from densely populated town centres to agricultural landscapes. This proximity to both agricultural practices (potential for biomass burning) and emerging industry (potential for localised emissions) significantly impacts air quality. The coastal location limits effective dispersion of pollutants, especially during calm weather conditions. The city’s historical importance as a port also means legacy contamination from past industrial activity may be present in some areas, affecting baseline air quality.

Kodungallūr experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, heavily influencing its air quality. The southwest monsoon, arriving in June and lasting until September, initially offers some respite through rainfall washing away particulate matter. However, increased humidity can trap pollutants near the ground. October to December sees a transition period with calmer winds and cooler temperatures, often leading to temperature inversions that exacerbate pollution, particularly from local vehicle emissions and small industries. This period can be challenging for those with respiratory conditions. The dry season, from January to May, is generally the worst for air quality. Lower rainfall means pollutants accumulate, and strong sunlight promotes photochemical smog formation. March and April are particularly problematic. During these months, agricultural burning of post-harvest residue adds to the particulate load. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular illnesses – should limit outdoor activity during peak pollution periods. The northeast monsoon, though less intense than the southwest, brings some relief in November-December. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial; onshore breezes can carry pollutants from coastal industrial areas inland.