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Koliakkod, nestled in the Kollam district of Kerala, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the state’s southern region. Located at approximately 8.6333° N latitude and 76.9000° E longitude, the town sits amidst a predominantly rural landscape characterized by undulating terrain and lush tropical vegetation. The surrounding area is a mosaic of small-scale agricultural plots, primarily cultivating coconut, rubber, and spices, interspersed with dense pockets of evergreen forests typical of the Western Ghats foothills. Koliakkod’s elevation, while modest, contributes to localized microclimates, influencing air circulation patterns. The town’s proximity to the Ashtamudi Lake, a vast and ecologically important brackish water lagoon, plays a crucial role in regional weather systems and can impact air quality through humidity and potential for fog formation. While Koliakkod itself is a relatively small settlement, it lies within a gradual urban–rural gradient, transitioning from the more densely populated coastal areas towards the inland forested regions. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Koliakkod; however, Kollam city, with its port and industrial activity, is within a reasonable distance, potentially influencing background pollution levels. The prevailing winds, generally southwesterly during the monsoon and northwesterly during the dry season, transport pollutants from further afield, impacting the local air quality. The terrain’s topography, with its hills and valleys, can also trap pollutants, particularly during periods of stagnant air.

Koliakkod’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly influencing its air quality. The southwest monsoon, typically spanning from June to September, brings torrential rainfall and strong winds, effectively flushing out accumulated pollutants and generally improving air quality. However, the monsoon also introduces moisture, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The pre-monsoon period (March-May) often sees a build-up of pollutants due to increased agricultural burning and stagnant air conditions. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, leading to poorer air quality. The dry season (October-December) is characterized by lower rainfall and calmer winds, which can result in a gradual accumulation of particulate matter, particularly from agricultural activities and vehicle emissions from nearby towns. Fog, frequently occurring during the cooler months, further reduces visibility and concentrates pollutants. During the monsoon months, outdoor activities are generally favorable, though those with respiratory sensitivities should remain cautious of humidity. The pre-monsoon period requires heightened awareness, with vulnerable groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions – advised to limit prolonged outdoor exposure, especially during early morning hours when inversions are most prevalent. The dry season necessitates similar precautions, with a focus on minimizing exposure to dust and smoke from agricultural practices. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial throughout the year.