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Mallappulasseri, nestled in the Thrissur district of Kerala, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the state’s verdant landscape. Located at approximately 9.3167° N latitude and 76.6833° E longitude, the village sits within a gently undulating terrain characteristic of Kerala’s central plains. The surrounding area is predominantly rural, a mosaic of rice paddies, coconut groves, and small-scale agricultural plots, creating a gradual urban–rural gradient as one moves away from Thrissur city, approximately 15 kilometers to the north. The proximity to the Puzha River, though not directly adjacent, influences local humidity and temperature patterns. Elevation is relatively low, averaging around 25 meters above sea level, which can contribute to the stagnation of pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. While Mallappulasseri itself lacks significant industrial zones, its location within the Thrissur district places it within reach of industrial activity concentrated further north and east, potentially impacting air quality through transported pollutants. The region’s climate is tropical monsoon, characterized by high humidity and rainfall, which generally aids in pollutant dispersion. However, periods of reduced wind speed, particularly during transitional seasons, can lead to localized air quality challenges. The surrounding landscape, dominated by vegetation, acts as a natural filter, but the increasing density of vehicles and occasional agricultural burning can introduce localized sources of air pollution. The village’s relatively small population contributes to a lower baseline pollution level compared to larger urban centers, but regional influences remain a factor.

Mallappulasseri’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Kerala’s monsoon climate. The southwest monsoon season, spanning roughly June to September, brings frequent rainfall and strong winds, effectively flushing the atmosphere and resulting in generally improved air quality. High humidity during this period can, however, exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) often presents the most challenging period. Rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall lead to stagnant air, particularly during periods of calm winds. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, can occur, further concentrating pollutants. Agricultural burning, a common practice during this time to clear fields for planting, contributes significantly to particulate matter. The northeast monsoon (October-November) brings a shorter, less intense rainfall period, offering some respite but not as substantial as the southwest monsoon. The winter months (December-February) are typically characterized by cooler temperatures and relatively stable atmospheric conditions. While rainfall is less frequent, the cooler air can sometimes trap pollutants, especially during foggy mornings. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution hours, typically in the morning. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is also advisable. Awareness of agricultural burning practices and their potential impact is crucial for community health.