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Maniyur, a small town nestled within the Kannur district of Kerala, India, occupies a unique geographic position. Located at coordinates 11.9500°N, 75.4500°E, the town is situated in the northern part of the state, close to the Arabian Sea. The terrain is predominantly undulating, characterized by lateritic hills and fertile plains, typical of Kerala’s coastal landscape. Maniyur’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of coconut plantations, paddy fields, and dense vegetation, indicative of Kerala’s agrarian economy. While not directly within a major industrial belt, the broader Kannur district hosts small-scale industries including beedi rolling and tile manufacturing, which contribute to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Maniyur itself is a relatively small settlement, but is connected to larger urban centres like Kannur city. Proximity to the coast means the town experiences high humidity and is susceptible to sea breezes, which can both disperse and concentrate pollutants depending on meteorological conditions. The dense vegetation offers some natural air purification, but the limited elevation and potential for temperature inversions can trap pollutants, particularly during calmer periods. This interplay of coastal influence, terrain, and agricultural activity shapes Maniyur’s air quality profile.

Maniyur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and inter-monsoon periods. The southwest monsoon, typically arriving in June and lasting until September, brings heavy rainfall which effectively washes away particulate matter, resulting in generally cleaner air during these months. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. October to December sees the post-monsoon season, with calmer winds and cooler temperatures, often leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. This period can experience a slight deterioration in air quality. January to March are the driest months, with increased dust and agricultural burning contributing to higher levels of particulate matter. This is often the period of poorest air quality. April and May, the pre-monsoon months, are hot and dry, exacerbating dust suspension and increasing the risk of respiratory irritation. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during January-March and take precautions during April-May. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial; onshore breezes can bring in marine aerosols, while stagnant conditions worsen local pollution. Avoiding peak hours near roads and agricultural areas is advisable.