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Mayilūr, nestled in the coastal state of Kerala, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Malabar region. Located at approximately 9.9420° N latitude and 76.6395° E longitude, the town’s terrain is characterized by a gentle slope towards the Arabian Sea, a mere few kilometers to the west. This proximity to the ocean exerts a considerable influence on the local climate and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of lush coconut groves, paddy fields, and smaller agricultural plots, typical of Kerala’s fertile coastal plains. The urban character of Mayilūr is primarily residential, with a developing commercial sector centered around local markets and small businesses. It exhibits a gradual urban-rural gradient, transitioning from denser residential areas closer to the town center to more dispersed settlements and agricultural land further out. Elevation is relatively low, rarely exceeding 30 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. While Mayilūr itself lacks major heavy industries, it benefits from its proximity to larger industrial belts located further north along the Kerala coast, and agricultural activity in the surrounding areas contributes to particulate matter emissions. The prevailing winds, generally southwesterly during the monsoon and northwesterly during the dry season, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants within the local airshed. The town’s location within a humid tropical climate further influences atmospheric stability and pollutant behaviour.

Mayilūr’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by Kerala’s monsoon climate. The southwest monsoon, typically spanning from June to September, brings abundant rainfall and strong winds, generally leading to improved air quality as pollutants are washed out and dispersed. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to increased humidity, potentially fostering the growth of mold and allergens, impacting respiratory health. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) often sees a build-up of pollutants due to stagnant air and rising temperatures. This period is frequently characterized by higher humidity and occasional fog, which can trap pollutants near the ground, particularly in the mornings. The northeast monsoon (October-November) is less intense than the southwest monsoon but still contributes to rainfall and some pollutant dispersal. The dry season (December-February) presents a mixed picture. While temperatures are relatively moderate, the lack of significant rainfall and calmer winds can lead to a gradual accumulation of pollutants, especially from agricultural burning practices in surrounding areas and localized vehicle emissions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and dry season months, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure during peak pollution hours, typically in the early morning. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial. Awareness of agricultural burning schedules and avoiding areas with visible smoke is advisable.