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Nedumangād, nestled in the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala, India, occupies a unique geographic position within the state’s coastal plains. Located at 8.6033°N, 77.0028°E, the city sits approximately 20km north of Thiruvananthapuram city, benefiting from a relatively flat terrain that gradually rises towards the Western Ghats. This proximity to the mountains influences local wind patterns and rainfall. The city is not directly on the coast, but is situated within a network of backwaters and canals, characteristic of Kerala’s landscape, which can contribute to localised humidity and stagnant air conditions. Surrounding Nedumangād are predominantly agricultural lands, particularly rubber and coconut plantations, alongside pockets of residential and commercial development. While not a major industrial hub itself, its connection to Thiruvananthapuram exposes it to regional industrial emissions. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp, transitioning quickly from denser settlements to agricultural fields. This blend of agricultural practices, coupled with increasing vehicular traffic and construction activities associated with urban growth, creates a complex interplay affecting air quality. The relatively low elevation and tropical climate contribute to the potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air pollution in Nedumangād.

Nedumangād experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influenced by the Southwest Monsoon. Air quality generally improves during the monsoon months (June-September) as heavy rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter and suppresses dust. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual increase in pollution as agricultural burning becomes more common, clearing fields for the next planting season. This practice releases significant amounts of smoke and particulate matter. The dry season (December-February) is typically the period of poorest air quality. Lower wind speeds and temperature inversions trap pollutants from vehicle emissions, construction, and domestic sources. January and February are often the most challenging months for those with respiratory sensitivities. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) brings rising temperatures and drier conditions, exacerbating dust pollution and increasing the risk of wildfires. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season and pre-monsoon periods. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding peak pollution times are essential for protecting health.