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Neralakaje, nestled in the Wayanad district of Kerala, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Western Ghats mountain range. Located at approximately 12.5884° N latitude and 75.0348° E longitude, the town’s elevation, averaging around 850 meters (2789 feet) above sea level, contributes to a cooler, more temperate climate compared to coastal Kerala. The surrounding landscape is dominated by lush, undulating hills covered in dense tropical evergreen forests and interspersed with tea and coffee plantations – a characteristic feature of Wayanad. The proximity to the Banasura Sagar Dam, a significant reservoir, influences local humidity and microclimates. Neralakaje’s terrain is predominantly hilly, with steep slopes and valleys, impacting urban development and creating localized variations in air flow. The urban–rural gradient is sharp; the town itself is relatively small, transitioning rapidly into agricultural and forested areas. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Wayanad district experiences some agricultural emissions from fertilizer use and burning of crop residue, particularly during post-harvest seasons. The town’s location within a rain shadow area of the Western Ghats, coupled with the topography, can lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly during drier periods, potentially trapping pollutants. The prevailing winds, generally southwesterly during the monsoon and northwesterly during the dry season, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating air pollutants within the region. The overall geographic setting presents a complex interplay of factors influencing Neralakaje’s air quality.

Neralakaje’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Kerala’s monsoon climate. The southwest monsoon (June to September) typically brings relief from accumulated pollutants, as strong winds and frequent rainfall effectively flush the atmosphere. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased soil erosion and dust generation, temporarily impacting air quality. The pre-monsoon season (March to May) often sees a gradual increase in pollutants due to rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall, creating conditions conducive to stagnant air. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap pollutants near the ground, particularly in the valleys. The post-monsoon season (October to November) is generally characterized by moderate air quality, with occasional dust episodes. The dry season (December to February) presents the most significant air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall, lower humidity, and calmer winds contribute to pollutant accumulation. Fog, frequently occurring during these months, further exacerbates the issue by trapping particulate matter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting strenuous outdoor activities, especially during early morning hours when fog is prevalent. Agricultural practices, such as burning of crop residue after the harvest of spices and coffee, can contribute to localized spikes in air pollution during the transition periods between seasons. Maintaining green spaces and promoting sustainable agricultural practices are crucial for mitigating these seasonal variations and safeguarding public health.