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Neriyamangalam, nestled in the verdant hills of Kerala, India, occupies a unique geographic position at 10.0531°N, 76.7399°E. This small town, home to approximately 15,994 residents, is strategically located along the Periyar River, a vital waterway that significantly influences the local climate and air quality. The terrain is predominantly hilly and forested, part of the Western Ghats mountain range, creating a complex topography that impacts air circulation. Neriyamangalam serves as a crucial gateway to the high ranges, experiencing a transition zone between the coastal plains and the mountainous interior. While not heavily industrialised itself, the town’s proximity to agricultural areas – primarily spice plantations like cardamom and pepper – and emerging small-scale rubber processing units contributes to localised emissions. The surrounding landscape is characterised by dense tropical rainforests, providing a natural filter but also contributing to high humidity. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; the town centre is relatively compact, quickly giving way to agricultural land and dense forest cover. This geographic setting means pollutants can become trapped in valleys during periods of calm weather, impacting air quality, particularly during temperature inversions. The river, while a source of life, can also transport pollutants downstream, affecting air quality in adjacent areas.

Neriyamangalam experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influenced by the Southwest Monsoon. Air quality generally improves dramatically during the monsoon months (June-September) as heavy rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter and suppresses dust. However, increased humidity can foster mould growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. The post-monsoon period (October-November) sees a gradual return of drier conditions and a corresponding increase in dust and localised pollutants from agricultural activities. December to February represents the driest season, often with calmer winds, leading to pollutant build-up, especially in the valley areas. Temperature inversions are common during these cooler months, trapping pollutants near the ground. March to May is characterised by rising temperatures and increased convective activity, which can temporarily disperse pollutants, but also exacerbate ozone formation. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly February to May. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding peak traffic hours can further mitigate exposure. The monsoon, while bringing relief from particulate matter, requires precautions against waterborne diseases and mould exposure.