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Pālghāt (Palakkad), nestled in the heart of Kerala, India, occupies a unique geographic position. Situated at 10.7750°N, 76.6510°E, the city lies within the Palakkad Gap, a significant geological formation in the Western Ghats mountain range. This gap allows for relatively easier passage of monsoon winds, influencing the region’s climate and, consequently, its air quality. The terrain is a blend of plains and foothills, with the Western Ghats rising sharply to the east. Pālghāt’s elevation is approximately 24 meters above sea level. The city is not directly coastal, but is located within a reasonable distance of the Arabian Sea, experiencing maritime influences. Surrounding Pālghāt are extensive agricultural lands, particularly coconut and paddy cultivation, alongside pockets of small-scale industrial activity. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with dense settlements concentrated around the city centre, transitioning to agricultural landscapes and forested hills further afield. This mix presents a complex air quality scenario; agricultural practices can contribute to particulate matter from biomass burning, while industrial emissions, though limited, add to the pollutant load. The Palakkad Gap, while beneficial for rainfall, can also channel pollutants, reducing dispersion during calm weather conditions. The city’s location within a valley can exacerbate temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground.

Pālghāt experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality generally improves significantly during the Southwest Monsoon (June-September). The heavy rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter, and increased wind speeds aid in pollutant dispersion. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. October-November sees a transition period with moderate air quality, often affected by residual monsoon moisture and localised agricultural burning. The dry season, from December to May, presents the most challenging air quality conditions. Lower rainfall and stagnant air masses allow pollutants to accumulate. January and February are typically the clearest months, but as temperatures rise in March and April, increased vehicle emissions and potential agricultural fires contribute to worsening conditions. May, before the monsoon arrives, is often the most polluted month. Temperature inversions are common during the cooler, drier months, trapping pollutants at ground level. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during peak pollution periods in the dry season. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding exercise near busy roads are crucial preventative measures.