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Panniyannūr, nestled in the Wayanad district of Kerala, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Western Ghats mountain range. Its coordinates (11.7538° N, 75.5528° E) place it at an elevation of approximately 850 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally cooler climate compared to coastal Kerala. The surrounding landscape is dominated by undulating hills, dense evergreen forests, and interspersed agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to coffee, tea, and spice cultivation. This rural character defines Panniyannūr’s urban fabric; it’s a small town, more a hub for the surrounding agricultural communities than a sprawling urban centre. The town’s proximity to the Banasura Sagar Dam, a significant reservoir, influences local microclimates and water availability. The urban–rural gradient is sharp; the town quickly transitions into agricultural fields and forested areas. While Panniyannūr itself lacks major industrial zones, it’s situated within a region experiencing increasing agricultural intensification, which can contribute to localised air pollution from pesticide use and biomass burning during land clearing. The prevailing winds, influenced by the Ghats’ topography, generally flow from the west, carrying moisture and impacting pollutant dispersion. The terrain’s rugged nature limits ventilation, potentially trapping pollutants in certain areas, especially during periods of low wind speed. The town’s location within a biodiversity hotspot also means that any significant air quality degradation could have cascading ecological consequences.

Panniyannūr’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly influencing its air quality. The southwest monsoon, typically from June to September, brings torrential rainfall, effectively cleansing the atmosphere and significantly reducing particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. This period generally offers the best air quality for outdoor activities. Following the monsoon, the post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual decrease in rainfall and a slight increase in humidity, with air quality remaining relatively good. However, agricultural practices during this time, including burning of crop residue and the application of fertilizers, can lead to localised spikes in pollutants. The dry season (December-May) presents the most challenging period. Reduced rainfall, coupled with increased solar radiation, leads to higher temperatures and lower humidity. This often results in stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of low wind speed, which can trap pollutants. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights, further exacerbate this issue, preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants near the ground. Fog, frequently occurring during the early morning hours in December and January, also contributes to reduced visibility and increased pollutant concentrations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of fog or stagnant air. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during these times is advisable, and using air purifiers indoors can help mitigate exposure.