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Parappanangadi, nestled in the Malappuram district of Kerala, India, occupies a unique geographic position within the state’s coastal plain. Located at 11.0497°N, 75.8575°E, the city’s terrain is largely flat, typical of the region’s alluvial deposits formed by the numerous rivers flowing westward to the Arabian Sea. The city sits close to the Kadalundi Estuary, a significant brackish water ecosystem, and is part of the broader coastal belt known for its dense network of backwaters. This proximity to the sea influences local weather patterns and contributes to high humidity levels. Surrounding Parappanangadi are lush agricultural lands, primarily rice paddies and coconut groves, interspersed with pockets of residential and commercial development. While not a major industrial hub itself, the city benefits from, and is potentially impacted by, industrial activity in nearby areas like Feroke and Calicut. The urban-rural gradient is relatively gradual, with agricultural land seamlessly blending into the city’s built environment. This landscape, combined with the prevailing wind patterns, can trap pollutants during certain times of the year, impacting air quality. The flat topography limits natural dispersion, making the city susceptible to localised pollution build-up, particularly from vehicular emissions and biomass burning.

Parappanangadi experiences a tropical climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons heavily influencing air quality. The Southwest Monsoon, arriving in June and lasting until September, initially offers a respite from pollution as heavy rainfall washes particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. October to February constitutes the drier season, marked by relatively calm winds and cooler temperatures. This period often sees a build-up of pollutants, particularly from vehicular traffic and local industries, as temperature inversions can trap emissions near ground level. March to May brings the hottest and most uncomfortable weather, with increased dust and potential for localised fires in agricultural areas, further degrading air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should exercise caution during these months. Fog is common during the transition periods between seasons, exacerbating particulate matter concentrations. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak traffic hours and periods of high humidity is advisable. Monitoring local conditions and staying indoors when air quality feels poor is crucial for maintaining respiratory health.