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Payyannūr, nestled in the Kannur district of Kerala, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Western Ghats foothills. Its coordinates (12.0935° N, 75.2025° E) place it within a region characterized by undulating terrain and a predominantly rural landscape gradually transitioning to a small urban centre. The town sits at an elevation of approximately 48 meters (157 feet) above sea level, influencing local weather patterns and air circulation. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of lush tropical forests, interspersed with small-scale agricultural plots cultivating primarily spices, rubber, and coconut. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to localised air pollution through the burning of agricultural waste, particularly during harvest seasons. Payyannūr’s proximity to the Arabian Sea, roughly 25 kilometers to the west, moderates temperatures and introduces a maritime influence on air quality, often bringing in sea breezes that can disperse pollutants. However, this proximity also means the town is susceptible to coastal fog, which can trap pollutants close to the ground. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the town itself is compact, with limited industrial activity concentrated in smaller workshops and processing units. Larger industrial belts are located further north, towards Thalassery, and their impact on Payyannūr’s air quality is generally less direct but can be noticeable during periods of stagnant air. The terrain, with its hills and valleys, creates microclimates that can exacerbate localised pollution hotspots.

Payyannūr’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly impacting air quality. The southwest monsoon, typically from June to September, brings heavy rainfall and strong winds, effectively flushing out accumulated pollutants and generally improving air quality. This period is often the most favourable for outdoor activities, although occasional heavy downpours can reduce visibility. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) are often the most challenging. Rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall lead to stagnant air conditions, increasing the concentration of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening air quality. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual improvement as rainfall decreases and winds pick up, but lingering humidity can still contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone. December and January are generally cooler and drier, with relatively good air quality, although fog can occasionally form, trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon months, limiting strenuous outdoor activity and monitoring for any respiratory discomfort. Agricultural burning, a common practice during the harvest season (typically November-December), can significantly degrade air quality in localised areas. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is advisable during periods of elevated pollution.