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Peringanād, nestled within the verdant landscape of Kerala, India, is a coastal town situated at coordinates 9.1525°N, 76.6988°E. With a population of approximately 20,785, the town’s geography is profoundly shaped by its proximity to the Arabian Sea and the undulating terrain of the Western Ghats. The land is relatively flat near the coast, gradually rising as one moves inland, influencing local wind patterns and pollutant dispersion. Peringanād benefits from a tropical climate, characterised by high humidity and abundant rainfall. The surrounding landscape is dominated by coconut plantations, paddy fields, and dense vegetation, typical of Kerala’s agricultural heartland. While not a major industrial hub itself, Peringanād’s air quality is potentially affected by regional industrial activity concentrated further north along the Kerala coast, and by transport corridors linking larger cities. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land immediately bordering the town’s built-up areas. This proximity introduces agricultural burning as a potential localised source of particulate matter. The coastal location means sea breezes play a crucial role in air circulation, but can also trap pollutants during temperature inversions. Understanding these geographical factors is vital for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Peringanād.

Peringanād experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The southwest monsoon, typically arriving in June and lasting until September, brings heavy rainfall that effectively washes away pollutants, resulting in generally cleaner air during these months. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting respiratory health. October to February constitutes the drier season, with lower rainfall and calmer winds. This period often sees a build-up of pollutants, particularly particulate matter from dust and localised burning of agricultural waste after the harvest. January and February are often the months with the least atmospheric cleansing. March to May is characterised by rising temperatures and pre-monsoon showers. These showers offer temporary relief, but the heat can exacerbate ground-level ozone formation. Temperature inversions, common during the calmer dry season, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the drier months, especially on still days. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; onshore winds can bring in marine aerosols, while offshore winds may carry pollutants from inland sources.