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Perumkulam, nestled in the Kollam district of Kerala, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the state’s southern region. Located at approximately 8.7052° N latitude and 76.7861° E longitude, the town’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, typical of Kerala’s coastal plains transitioning into the Western Ghats. The elevation varies, generally ranging from 10 to 30 meters above sea level, influencing local wind patterns and temperature distribution. Perumkulam benefits from proximity to the Ashtamudi Lake, a vast and ecologically important brackish water body, which moderates local temperatures and contributes to humidity. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of coconut groves, rubber plantations, and paddy fields, representing a predominantly agricultural zone. This rural character gradually blends into the urban fabric of Perumkulam itself, exhibiting a gentle urban–rural gradient. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Perumkulam’s location within Kollam district places it within reach of industrial activity concentrated further north along the coast and in the industrial hubs of Cherthala and Ambalappuzha. The prevailing southwest monsoon winds significantly impact the region’s microclimate, bringing moisture and influencing air circulation. The topography, combined with the lake’s presence and the surrounding agricultural land, creates a complex interplay of factors that can influence local air quality, particularly concerning particulate matter and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) released from vegetation.

Perumkulam’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly impacting its air quality profile. The southwest monsoon, typically spanning from June to September, brings torrential rainfall and strong winds, effectively flushing out accumulated pollutants and generally improving air quality. This period is often the most favourable for outdoor activities, although heavy rainfall can temporarily reduce visibility. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) are often characterized by rising temperatures and decreasing humidity, creating conditions conducive to stagnant air and the build-up of pollutants. This period can see a noticeable increase in particulate matter, particularly from agricultural burning and dust stirred up by dry winds. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual decrease in rainfall and a return of warmer temperatures, with occasional fog formation, especially in the mornings. Fog can trap pollutants near the ground, leading to localized air quality concerns. During the dry season, reduced wind speeds and temperature inversions can exacerbate the issue, preventing pollutants from dispersing effectively. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon months, limiting strenuous outdoor activity during peak pollution hours. Agricultural practices, particularly the burning of crop residue after harvest, are a key contributor to seasonal pollution spikes, and awareness campaigns promoting alternative methods are crucial. The lake’s influence helps to mitigate some of the effects, but localized pollution sources remain a concern.