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Puttūr, nestled in the southern reaches of Kerala, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the Western Ghats foothills. Its coordinates (9.0400° N, 76.7100° E) place it within a region characterized by undulating terrain and a predominantly rural landscape gradually transitioning to a small urban centre. The city’s elevation, though modest, contributes to localized microclimates and influences air circulation patterns. Surrounded by lush tropical forests and interspersed with small-scale agricultural plots – primarily rubber, pepper, and cardamom – Puttūr’s environment is intrinsically linked to its natural surroundings. The nearby Kulakkada River provides a vital water source and influences humidity levels, which can impact pollutant dispersion. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Puttūr’s proximity to larger towns and cities in Kerala, and its role as a trading hub for agricultural produce, introduces potential sources of air pollution, including vehicular emissions and emissions from processing activities. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the immediate vicinity of Puttūr exhibits a concentrated population and commercial activity, while the surrounding areas remain largely agrarian. The Western Ghats to the east act as a barrier, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions, while prevailing winds from the Arabian Sea generally provide some degree of ventilation, though this is seasonally variable. The topography and surrounding vegetation significantly shape the local air quality dynamics, creating a complex interplay between natural processes and anthropogenic influences.

Puttūr’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly impacting its air quality. The southwest monsoon, typically spanning June to September, brings torrential rainfall, effectively cleansing the atmosphere and significantly reducing particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. This period generally offers the best air quality, with frequent rainfall washing away accumulated dust and pollutants. However, the monsoon also brings increased humidity, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. The dry season, from October to May, presents a contrasting scenario. Reduced rainfall and lower humidity lead to a build-up of pollutants, particularly during the cooler months (December-February). Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening air quality. Agricultural burning, a practice sometimes employed to clear fields after harvest, can also contribute to localized pollution spikes. Fog, frequently occurring during the dry season, further restricts atmospheric mixing and concentrates pollutants. March and April often see a rise in dust levels due to increased wind speeds and drier conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of fog or temperature inversions. Outdoor activities are generally more favourable during the monsoon months, although humidity should be considered. The transition periods (October and May) often experience fluctuating air quality as the weather shifts between wet and dry conditions, requiring adaptive strategies for outdoor exposure.