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Sāsthānkotta, nestled in the Kollam district of Kerala, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the state’s southern region. Located at approximately 9.0365° N latitude and 76.6239° E longitude, the town sits at a modest elevation, contributing to a relatively mild climate. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a blend of undulating terrain, typical of Kerala’s coastal plains, interspersed with pockets of laterite soil and remnants of the Western Ghats foothills. This proximity to the Ghats influences local weather patterns and contributes to the region’s high humidity. The town is situated near the Ashtamudi Lake, a vast and ecologically important brackish water lagoon, which plays a crucial role in regional hydrology and influences local microclimates. While Sāsthānkotta itself is a relatively small urban centre with a population of around 32,330, it exists within a gradient transitioning from rural agricultural lands to larger urban areas like Kollam. The dominant land use in the immediate vicinity is agriculture, primarily focused on coconut, rubber, and spice cultivation. Further afield, industrial zones associated with Kollam’s port and processing industries can contribute to regional air pollution, though their direct impact on Sāsthānkotta is moderated by prevailing winds and distance. The town’s location, while generally favourable due to the humid climate’s natural cleansing properties, is susceptible to pollutants transported from these larger industrial and urban centres, particularly during periods of meteorological stagnation.

Sāsthānkotta’s air quality narrative is largely dictated by Kerala’s distinct wet and dry seasons. The southwest monsoon, typically spanning from June to September, brings torrential rainfall and strong winds, effectively flushing the atmosphere of accumulated pollutants. This period generally offers the best air quality, with frequent rain showers acting as a natural air purifier. Conversely, the pre-monsoon months (March-May) often present the most challenging conditions. High temperatures and reduced rainfall lead to stagnant air, increasing the concentration of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the situation. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual improvement as rainfall returns, but lingering humidity can still contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone. Fog, particularly in the cooler months (December-February), can also trap pollutants, though its impact is generally less severe than the pre-monsoon stagnation. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon months, limiting outdoor activities during peak hours and monitoring for any respiratory discomfort. Agricultural burning, a common practice in surrounding areas after the harvest season, can also temporarily degrade air quality. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is advisable throughout the year, but especially during periods of elevated pollution.