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Talakkād, nestled in the southern reaches of Kerala, India, occupies a geographically complex and historically significant position within the Western Ghats. Located at approximately 10.88°N, 75.93°E, the town sits at an elevation of roughly 960 meters (3,150 feet) above sea level, contributing to a cooler climate compared to coastal Kerala. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the Chamundi Hills, a range of granite outcrops and dense deciduous forests, which significantly influence local wind patterns and trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. Talakkād’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, interspersed with agricultural land primarily used for coconut, areca nut, and paddy cultivation. The Cauvery River flows nearby, providing a vital water source but also potentially contributing to localized humidity and fog formation, which can exacerbate air stagnation. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Talakkād’s proximity to Mysore, a larger urban center with industrial activity, means that pollutants can be transported via prevailing winds. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Talakkād itself is a small town, transitioning quickly into agricultural fields and forested hills. The town’s layout is somewhat dispersed, reflecting the hilly terrain, and lacks a concentrated industrial zone, though local stone quarries and agricultural practices contribute to particulate matter emissions. The unique geological composition of the region, with its granite formations, can also influence the dispersion of pollutants.

Talakkād’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by the region’s tropical monsoon climate. The southwest monsoon, typically spanning June to September, brings abundant rainfall and strong winds, effectively flushing out accumulated pollutants and resulting in the cleanest air quality of the year. This period is generally favorable for outdoor activities, although occasional heavy downpours can temporarily reduce visibility. The transition months of October and November see a gradual decrease in rainfall and a slight increase in humidity, potentially leading to stagnant air conditions. Winter, from December to February, is characterized by cooler temperatures and frequent fog, particularly in the mornings. This fog traps pollutants near the ground, leading to periods of reduced air quality, especially during prolonged fog events. Agricultural burning, a common practice during this period to clear fields for the next planting season, further contributes to particulate matter pollution. The pre-monsoon season (March to May) is typically the most challenging, with rising temperatures, decreasing humidity, and minimal rainfall. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air, become more frequent, preventing pollutants from dispersing vertically. This period often sees a noticeable increase in particulate matter and other pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter and pre-monsoon seasons, limiting strenuous outdoor activity during foggy or hazy conditions. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial.