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Tellicherry, or Thalassery, in Kerala, India, occupies a unique coastal position along the Arabian Sea (11.7481°N, 75.4929°E). The city is nestled between the Western Ghats mountain range and the sea, creating a terrain that is both hilly and flat. This topography significantly influences local air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterised by lush vegetation, coconut plantations, and paddy fields, typical of Kerala’s tropical climate. Tellicherry’s elevation is relatively low, averaging around 20 meters above sea level, making it susceptible to humidity and coastal breezes. Historically, the city thrived as a trading port, and while large-scale heavy industry is limited within the city itself, nearby areas experience some industrial activity related to timber, beedi (hand-rolled cigarette) making, and tile production. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp; moving inland quickly transitions from densely populated areas to agricultural lands and forested hills. This proximity to both agricultural practices (potential for biomass burning) and the sea (salt spray, potential for pollutant dispersion) creates a complex interplay of factors affecting air quality. The coastal location means monsoon winds play a crucial role in pollutant transport and dispersion, while the hilly terrain can trap pollutants during calmer periods. The city’s relatively small size, with a population of 99,386, means localised sources have a more pronounced impact.

Tellicherry experiences a distinct wet and dry season, dictated by the monsoon. Air quality generally improves significantly during the Southwest Monsoon (June-September) as heavy rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, this period can also see increased fungal spores in the air, impacting those with respiratory sensitivities. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return of drier conditions and a slight increase in pollutants as agricultural activities resume, including potential biomass burning for land preparation. December to February represents the driest period, with calmer winds and increased temperature inversions, leading to pollutant build-up, particularly in the mornings. This is often the period of poorest air quality. March to May sees rising temperatures and increasing dust levels, exacerbated by construction and road traffic. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly between January and May. Wearing masks can provide some protection. Monitoring local conditions and avoiding peak traffic hours are also advisable. The monsoon offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity, but awareness of increased humidity and fungal spores is important.